National Jelly-Filled Donut Day (look it up) Photo Dump--8 June 2009

Once again I found some time to go through my photos from the last few months. It was somewhat underwhelming. I found a few that made the cut--barely above my low standards.

sycamore flower


raccoon tracks

western pond turtle

This is our native turtle. They are likely to be displaced by red-eared sliders. We also have a few painted turtles. Below is a red-eared slider, doing what it does that makes parents want to set them free in the creeks that flow into Kokopelli. What starts out as a small, cute turtle turns into a menacing beast! It also has a large leech attached to the underside of its shell. All I could think of was the leech scene from "Stand By Me".

red-eared slider

henbit, close and...

closer

great egret in full breeding plumage

Bonaparte's gull

This last photo is a sign very close to Kokopelli. You might say it is wishful thinking. But what better to go with a nice fat jelly donut on June 8th!

Take care until next time--thanks for stopping by!

What Could Be Cuter? Volume 1--04 June 2009

Welcome to a brand new installment on Field Notes, a feature I call "What Could Be Cuter?" I was out and about checking things out this morning to see if we had any problems after an outrageous thunder and lightning storm last night. When I came across this very friendly pied-billed grebe:Pied-billed grebes are excellent swimmers and divers. They often swim around with just their head and neck above the water and look like a snake or small Loch Ness Monster swimming through the creek. Pretty cute, right?

But then, this grebe started making some calls and instantly these youngsters showed up:

With their stripey heads and their fuzziness, they inspired me to create the new recurring (hopefully) segment of Field Notes. When they are even smaller than this, they will ride on the mother's back if trouble comes calling. So I guess, to answer my own question, that could be cuter.

I also got a neat photo of these two snowy egrets having a standoff over a very productive fishing hole.

Wetlands Greening Up--03 June 2009

This is what the upper wetland cell at Kokopelli Wildlife Area looked like when I took a picture on April 30th. We were just beginning our spring drawdown and there were huge exposed mudflats.
Our drawdown was slowed down quite a bit by some late spring rains, but here is the same area of the upper cell as it looked today (the small patch of tules in the center is the same in each photo):

You can see we're getting some nice growth of our seasonal wetland foodplants. In this unit, we primarily try to grow watergrass and annual smartweed, which are both excellent waterfowl feed. Even as the upper cell is greening up, the lower wetland cell is still completing drawdown. Normally I like to have the water off by now, but an extra week won't hurt anything too much. These birds seemed to like it.

white-faced ibis (ibii???)

This next photo shows a phalanx of American white pelicans foraging for the fish which are being concentrated into ever smaller bodies of water as drawdown progresses. Sometimes they form a line and work side by side, other times they will feed in a circle towards each other and all tip up in unison when they get to the center. You can see a few great egrets in the background staking out a meal as well. We have a large egret/heron/cormorant rookery on-site with over 100 nests, so these birds are very busy collecting enough food for all.

click on photo for a bigger version and see if you can count how many there are

Lastly, I snapped this photo of what is probably my favorite bird--the California quail. For some reason, I really liked this photo.

Of Bees and Wasps--22 May 2009

It just so happens that a couple of days before capturing the images for this post, I had attended the Hedgerow Farms open house and listened to a talk from a representative of the Xerces Society--a group that advocates for invertebrate conservation. Who knew???

Also, the day before I took these, Gramps had told me he saw a tarantula hawk and we had a brief exchange about the Schmidt Sting Pain Index and velvet ants. Yes, I have strange conversations often.

Anyway, I was visiting a project site that I'm responsible for off-Kokopelli Wildlife Area and noticed a strange, perfectly round hole in the bare ground:


Something retreated inside and I decided to hang around and see if it came back out. Well....



it did. I'm not much of an authority on native bees, but I believe this is a species of solitary bee. As the Xerces Society speaker had informed us, these native bees require bare ground areas to dig their holes in. There is a lot more information about them here. Although honey bees provide a very valuable service to plants in the USA--they are not native. Even with honey bees performing the bulk of pollination now, there is evidence that the native bees increase their effectiveness. Research has shown that when native bees are present, honey bees tend to switch plants more frequently, leading to increased fertilization of other flowers.

When Gramps told me about the tarantula hawk, I told him that their sting rated a 4.0 on the Schmidt Sting Pain Index, which doesn't sound all that impressive until you realize that the scale only goes up to 4. They use this sting to paralyze tarantulas prior to laying an egg in the still living body of the spider. Then the larvae eats the tarantula (saving the vital organs for last to keep the spider alive) before pupating into a new tarantula hawk. I have heard that the sting from a tarantula hawk will send a person to their knees in pain.

I also told Gramps about the time when I was 7 or 8 and caught a velvet ant (a white one, not like the one pictured below) and it promptly stung me. It was, and still is, the most painful sting I've ever been on the receiving end of. For awhile after that, I had a "kill-on-sight" policy for these creatures. Don't judge me, I was young!

Velvet ants are actually wasps and they are also sometimes referred to as cow-killer wasps because their sting is so painful. It rates as a 3 on the SSPI. The females are wingless and have a stinger, while the males are winged and do not. Usually the two look so different that they would not be recognized as the same species. Shortly after I snapped the pics of the solitary bee, I saw this beautiful velvet ant scurrying about. They are FAST! I was able to capture several crummy photos, however. You can see why they are called "ants".

Learning from Dead Stuff--1 May 2009

One thing that most wildlife biologists really like to do is find dead stuff. Dead stuff falls into many categories including fresh, too old to stink, and "Holy cow, what is that burning in my nose?". Not that there are only three categories--it's more of a continuum. This piece of carrion fell somewhere closer to "too old to stink" than "Holy cow!" so I decided to examine it a little more closely.

I realize when most people think of minnows, they typically picture a small, silvery fish ranging in size from pizza topping to bait. Minnows in California, however, tend to be especially large, with many species greater than two feet in length. This dead fish, a common carp (not native to California), was a tad over 24 inches. It is in the minnow family.

As one of the most successful fish families in California, minnows here have evolved to fill all sorts of niches that we don't ordinarily expect them to occupy. For example, the Sacramento pikeminnow is a large, predatory species that feeds almost exclusively on fish and grows to three feet in length. The Sacramento blackfish, which can be found at Kokopelli Wildlife Area, is like the whale shark of California's fresh water, cruising through still backwaters and filtering tiny particles of food from the water.

One interesting thing about minnows is that they don't have any teeth in their jaws. So all you swimmers who got out of the water when I wrote about the pikeminnow can get back in. They do have teeth, but they are located back in their throat and they are called pharyngeal teeth. And, like other animals, you can usually get a pretty good idea of what they eat by looking at their teeth. The pikeminnow has sharp, knifelike teeth for gripping and shredding live fish. This is what the teeth of the dead carp looked like (this picture is taken from the bottom side of the fish looking just behind the gills):

I'll post some pictures of the grinding surfaces of these teeth another time, but you can see they look sort of like molars. Carp use these to grind plant materials against the bony plate above. I hope to clean this specimen up and create a clean skeleton from lips to the back of the throat to show kids how minnows eat.

For more information about California fish, I highly recommend Peter Moyle's landmark text: Inland Fishes of California. It's really, really, really, really........great.

Drawdown-- 30 April 2009

It's that time of year at Kokopelli Wildlife Area. The time when we drawdown our seasonal wetland cells to grow the moist soil plants to feed next year's migratory waterfowl. By drawing down during this time of year, we tend to germinate our most desired waterfowl food plants-- primarily smartweeds and watergrass. You can see extensive mudflats in these photos. The mudflats are areas that we disked last summer in order to keep the vegetative communities at an early successional stage.
By drawing the water down gradually, we concentrate the invertebrates that have been multiplying all year long, creating ideal feeding conditions breeding waterfowl and for migrating shorebirds like these:

long billed dowitcher

western sandpiper

killde--wait! that's not a killdeer

semi-palmated plover

(notice only a single breastband and a white forehead--also much smaller)

blacknecked stilt

We also concentrate larger prey items such as fish and crayfish to help feed other species like these:

American white pelican

notice the plate on the bill which only grows during breeding season

This next bird is a fairly uncommon visitor to Kokopelli WA and it reminds me of fishing from a boat on Lake Sabrina with my father and brother. I used to have a lot of fun watching them dive and then trying to predict where they would pop back up.

western grebe

We also have a large heron, egret and cormorant rookery. Right now they are trying to feed their young and the steady supply of easy pickings during drawdown helps them out quite a bit.

I only was out of the truck for about an hour, but when I got back, I felt one of these near my boots. I found another one later in my office and I still feel about a hundred phantom(?) ticks crawling all over me.

Species Spotlight, Vol. 2, Killdeer, 24 April 2009

Sorry...It's been a month to the day. Here you go, Gramps--a reprieve from the French Fry Sparrows.

Species Spotlight, Vol. 2, Killdeer


Order: Charadriiformes


Family: Charadriidae


Species: Charadrius vociferus

Anyone who has been around Killdeer (especially during the nesting season) can probably guess how they got their specific name. Can you say noisy? The killdeer is one of several species of birds that are very adaptable to human activity. They often nest on gravel roads (such as the bird featured here today). Ordinarily I wouldn't recommend placing a nest of eggs on a roadway, but they seem to know how to pick out the edges where they won't meet rubber doom. Another location where killdeer are often successful nesters is on rooftops and they have been observed keeping their eggs cool in temperatures up to 138 degrees by soaking their belly feathers in water. The young reared on rooftops have been observed surviving falls of up to 50 feet. One thing they haven't adapted to, however, are raingutters, with the young sometimes becoming stranded as they cannot fly.


The killdeer is a type of shorebird known as a plover, which as a group are often identified by their short bill, round head, and plump body. A lot like Grandpa, except his bill is probably longer. A common bird here at Kokopelli WA, the killdeer is very striking with its red eye, orange rump and smooth lines.


The killdeer has several adaptations for nesting on the ground. It exhibits a plumage pattern called disruptive coloration, allowing it to blend in extremely well with gravel roads and other nesting substrates. The double breast band and the lines on its face are two examples of this.



Additionally, their eggs are spotted and streaked in order to blend in with the surrounding rocks. The killdeer places these eggs in a carefully scraped out nest. On gravel roads, they are often lined with small, white pieces of quartz.

While sitting at the nest, or when protecting young, the parent exhibits a distraction technique to lure predators away from the nest when disturbed. They put on a very believable (and noisy) broken wing distraction dispaly worthy of an award from the Academy.

After the young hatch, they are on their feet immediately, running around almost as well as their parents, although the do trip and fall from time to time--something which causes my children to giggle hysterically whenever they see it. They can't fly until they get older and their downy feathers are replaced with genuine flight feathers.

References:

Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter

Birders Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds

The Sibley Guide to Birds